Accidentally connecting a battery reverse can be a real killer in electronic circuits. There are a number of ways to provide protection and all have the expected advantages and disadvantages. Any ...

A previously-published Design Idea outlined a polarity protection circuit that provides the correct connection of the battery to a load regardless of the battery’s orientation in its holder. The ...

Need to switch something on or off using a microcontroller? Using a transistor is one of the best ways to do this, but how exactly do you design properly for transistor switching? [Ben Krasnow] put ...

Manufacturing companies, particularly those that mass-produce electronic circuits, work pretty much around bipolar junction transistors, like PNP and NPN. However, choosing between these two BJTs can ...

Matching a sensor interface with a programmable logic converter or controller hardware that can accept only one type of input—npn or pnp—can be difficult. The last-stage modification circuit described ...